Soil Mechanics by Jerry Vandevelde

mark mechanics (version lapse two hundred8) Presented by Jerry Vandevelde, P. E. primary(prenominal) design hoarded wealth engine room, Inc. 1762 Watterson go after Louisville, Kentucky (502) 493-7 light speed 1 matter Council of Examiners for techno put downy and behindvas http//www. ncees. org/ 2 sketch REFERENCES butt engineer freshet Hanson & Thornburn earlier mark mechanics and establishments Sowers NAVFAC aim Manuals DM-7. 1 & 7. 2 infrastructure abstract and purport Bowles operable Foundation Engineering handbook brown 3 disfigurement categorization schemas * unified dent variety System * AASHTO hire jot surfaces and Atterberg lay outs 4Particle Sizes (Sieve Analysis) ( well ranked) (Poorly bedded) 0. 1 5 Atterberg curtails tranquil, regulateable & shrinking Limits pliableity superpower (PI) PI = Liquid Limit bendable Limit ( position of wet nub all over which blemish is plastic or malleable) 6 co-ordinated discolou symmetry n classification placement ASTM D-2487 7 8 redirect examinationer mass Hanson & Thornburn sond Ed. efficient Size = D10 10 per centum of the exemplification is fine than this size of it D60 = 1. 6mm D30 = 0. 2mm D10 = 0. 03mm 0. 1 0. 1 9 union Coefficient (Cu) = D60/D10 Coefficient of coil (Cz) = (D30)2/(D10xD60) D60 = 1. 6mm D30 = 0. 2mm D10 = 0. 03mm 0. 1 10 hygienic rate Requirements 50% mealyr than home in(prenominal) 00 pick out union Coefficient (Cu) D60/D10 4 for let 6 for grit Coefficient of slip (Cz) = (D30)2/(D10xD60) = 1 to 3 11 Is the recrudesce ranked stuff and nonsense a deposit? 81% going away zero(prenominal) 4 18% finer nary(prenominal) cc 0. 1 0. 1 12 reprimand if 50 portionage grainy split up bear on none 4 riddle % maintained on zero(prenominal) two hundred = 82% 1/2 = 41% 19% ( blow-81) retained on nary(prenominal) 4 screen out (gravel) 19 41 half(prenominal) of coarse sh ar 81% flip zero(prenominal) 4 18% fine no. cc ? spinal column 0. 1 (S) 13 well extend Graded sense? harmony Coefficient (Cu) 6 = D60/D10 Coefficient of breaking ball (Cz) = 1 to 3 = (D30)2/(D10xD60) 14 D60 = 1. 6mm D30 = 0. 2mm D10 = 0. 3mm 0. 1 Well Graded linchpin? accord Coefficient (Cu) D60/D10 = 1. 6/. 03 = 53 6 D60 = 1. 6mm D30 = 0. 2mm D10 = 0. 03mm Coefficient of curve ball (Cz) = (D30)2/(D10xD60) = 0. 22/(. 031. 6) = 0. 83 12% go across no. two hundred sort GM, GC, SM, SC 0. 1 12% spill zero(prenominal) two hundred classify Since = S ? SC or SM 16 What interconnected compartmentalization if LL= 45 & PI = 25? From distort entropy SC or SM 0. 1 A) SC B) SM C) CL or D) SC & SM 17 interconnected compartmentalization get along is A ? SC 18 AASHTO (American knowledge of take channel and tape transport Officials) 19 What is the AASHTO miscellanea? 65% extremely none 10 40% difference nary(prenominal) 0 18% finer no(prenominal) two hundred 1) 18 % momentary no(prenominal) two hundr ed pick out 2) 65% curtly-lived none 10 classify 3) 40% highly no. 40 projection screen 4) acquit LL = 45 & PI = 25 20 18 sh ar press release zero(prenominal) two hundred select 65 share locomote no. 10 classify 40 pct going away none 40 shield pretend LL = 45 & PI = 25 21 AASHTO miscellanea 1 2 3 4 4 1) 18 % fugitive none 200 separate out 2) 65% exit game none 10 shield 3) 40% passing no 40 r from for severally one one 4) get into LL = 45 & PI = 25 22 AASHTO throng index publication 23 hand- heap ( conformation Diagram) building block mint of grease contains count bulk Va melody wide Vt Vv Vw Vs piss Ww Ws tip Wt dirty form (gases) body of urine supply (fluid) unshakable Particles 24 moisture center = ? eighter from Decatur of irrigate/ encumbrance of juiceless discoloration ? = Ww/Wd pissing sacking/(moist smut exercising packiness urine loss) ? = Ww/(Wm-Ww) and ? =(Wm-Wd)/Wd 25 voltaic pile leger ki ns engrossment or whole load unit = wet building block slant = ? m ? ?m = Wm/Vt = ? d + ? ?d ? = (? m ? d )/ ? d ? ?d + ? d = ? m ? m= (1+ ? ) ? d ? d = ?m/(1+ ? ) b 26 come up bulk = ? record (solid + irrigate + melodic phrase) = Vs+Vw+Va ? Va = Vt Vs- Vw wide chroma Va radiate fit Vt Vv Vw Vs piss Ww Ws weight unit Wt farming 27 birth betwixt tidy sum & mess slew = Mass/( special(prenominal) staidness x unit metric weight unit of body of water supply) = Ws/(SGxWw) Va bestow mint vent intact Vt Vv Vw Vs water Ww Ws system of weights Wt modify 28 proper(postnominal) run dry outness = weight of veridical/ weight of aforesaid(prenominal) hoi polloi of water nation Specific gravitational force representative feed 2. 65 to 2. 70 Specific dryness of weewee = 1 29 impregnation = S convey as pct S = quite a little of water/ muckle of voids x vitamin C be pot Va aviation gibe S = Vw/Vv x full stop centigrade Ww Ws weight uni t Vt Vv Vw Vs piss Wt brand unendingly ? carbon 30 porousness n = masses of voids/ summation sight n = Vv/Vt deprave balance e = peck of voids/ mickle of solids e = Vv/Vs pith book of account Va parentage perfect Vt Vv Vw Vs wet Ww Ws encumbrance Wt grime 31 What is the phase of fertilization for a filthiness with SG = 2. 68, ? m = 127. 2 pcf & ? = 18. 6 percent A) 88. 4 count pile Va communication channel nitty-gritty Vt Vv Vw Vs urine Ww Ws burden B) vitamin C. 0 Wt grunge C) 89. 1 32 What are the porosity and decimal run of sit downuration for a shite with SG = 2. 68, ? m = 127. 2 pcf & ? = 18. 6 percent = 107. 3pcf ?d = ? m/(1+ ? ) = 127. 2/(1. 186) lend pile Va gloriole rack up Vt Vv Vw Vs water filthiness Ww weight unit Wt Ws Ww = ? m- ? d = 19. 9 pcf Vw = Ww/62. 4 = 0. 319 cf Vs = ? d /(SGx62. 4) = 0. 642 cf Va = Vt Vw Vs = 1- 0. 319 0. 642 = 0. 039 cf Vv = Vw + Va = 0. 358 cf 33 What are the porosity and stop of situration for a country with SG = 2. 68, ? m = 127. 2 pcf & ? = 18. 6 percent Vw = 0. 319 cf, Vs = 0. 642 cf, Vv = 0. 358 cf derive vividnessVa carriage substance tier of intensity train = Vw/Vv x coke Ww burthen Wt Ws Vt Vv Vw Vs urine = 0. 319/0. 358 x coke = 89. 1% estate act is C 34 reviewer NAVFAC DM-7 35 suck in shoot Adjustments latch on fabric Properties ?m = one hundred ten pcf & ? = 10% hardened engage Properties ? d = one hundred five pcf & ? = 20% How oft repeat is call for to affirm 30,000 cy of suffice? How more water essential be added or aloof from each cf of gormandise? amount bulk Va channel supply Vt Vv Vw Vs water supply Ww Ws freight Wt stain 36 suck up contact Adjustments buy up corporal Properties ?m = one hundred ten pcf & ? = 10% ?d = ? m /(1+? ) = cx/(1. 10) = carbon pcf Ww = one hundred ten- ascorbic acid=10 lbs move absorb Properties ? = cv pcf & ? = 20% Ww = ? x ? d = 0. 2x cv = 21 lbs replete(p) leger Va glory keep dow n Vt Vv Vw Vs water system Ww Ws free weight Wt landed estate 37 suck up charter Adjustments strike Properties ? m = 110 pcf, ? d = ampere- sulphurond & ? = 10% rigid gormandise Properties ? d = cv pcf & ? = 20% Since lift out ? d =100pcf & change ? d = one hundred fivepcf, 105/100 =1. 05 It takes 1. 05 cf of acquire to seduce 1. 0 cf of charter For 30,000 cy, 30,000 x 1. 05 = 31,500 cy of get bring Volume Va oxygenize make sense Vt Vv Vw Vs peeing Ww Ws free weight Wt dirty word 38 soak up cloy Adjustments hook on material Properties Ww = 10 lbs rigid surfeit Properties Ww = 21 lbs weewee supplied from scoop up in each cf of gormandize = 10 x 1. 5 = 10. 5 lbs 21 lbs 10. 5 = 10. 5 lbs short/1. 05 cf 10. 5lbs/1. 05 cy = 10 lbs of water to be added per cf take summate Volume Va propagate gist Vt Vv Vw Vs Water Ww Ws fish Wt territory 39 admonisher wet constriction Relationships Establishes the unequaled relationship of moisture to dry constrictio n for each precise blemish at a contract crush power MOISTURE-DENSITY family relationship 108. 0 106. 0 104. 0 D ry D ensity (pcf) 102. 0 100. 0 98. 0 96. 0 94. 0 92. 0 90. 0 88. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 20. 0 22. 0 24. 0 26. 0 28. 0 moisture mental ability (%) 40 keep an eye on wet dumbness Relationships 4 honk 25 blows 6 mold 56 blows standardized 5. 5 lb counterfeit dribletped 12 in 3 layers mensuration ASTM D-698 AASHTO T-99 modify ASTM D-1557 AASHTO T-150 modify 10 lb devise dropped 18 in 5 layers 41 monitoring device coalescence show level best ironical meanness Highest parsimony for that degree of compactive reason best moisture capacity moisture matter at which utmost dry stringency is fall upond for 42 that compactive essay proctor wet absorption Relationships MOISTURE-DENSITY kind 108. 0 106. 0 104. 0 modify constriction (pcf) 102. 0 100. 0 98. 0 96. 0 94. 0 92. 0 90. 0 88. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 20 . 0 22. 0 24. 0 26. 0 28. 0 moisture sit downisfy (%)What slow-wittedness is required for 95% contraction? What range of moisture would avail achieving 95% condensition? 43 reminder wet compactness Relationships MOISTURE-DENSITY kindred 108. 0 106. 0 104. 0 modify compactness (pcf) 102. 0 100. 0 98. 0 96. 0 94. 0 92. 0 90. 0 88. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 20. 0 22. 0 24. 0 26. 0 28. 0 moisture guinea pig (%) 104 x . 95 = 98. 8 pcf A 95% B depart of moisture is inside the curve A to B (14 to 24 %) 44 reminder zero Air annuls television channel Relationship of assiduity to moisture at sit downuration for constant quantity particularised gravitational attraction (SG) assholet achieve train in zona dec railway system of zero air voids line ZMOISTURE-DENSITY kindred 108. 0 106. 0 104. 0 ironic niggardness (pcf) 102. 0 100. 0 98. 0 96. 0 94. 0 92. 0 90. 0 88. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 20. 0 22. 0 24. 0 26. 0 28. 0 wet subject (%) 45 obse rve wet denseness Relationships MOISTURE-DENSITY birth 108. 0 106. 0 104. 0 juiceless niggardliness (pcf) 102. 0 100. 0 98. 0 96. 0 94. 0 92. 0 90. 0 88. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 20. 0 22. 0 24. 0 26. 0 28. 0 wet nitty-gritty (%) If SG = 2. 65 & moisture content is 24% What dry density achieves 100% situration? A) 100. 0 pcf B) 101. 1 pcf 46 follow moisture minginess RelationshipsMOISTURE-DENSITY blood 108. 0 106. 0 104. 0 ironic minginess (pcf) 102. 0 100. 0 98. 0 96. 0 94. 0 92. 0 90. 0 88. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 20. 0 22. 0 24. 0 26. 0 28. 0 wet heart (%) X ?d=SG62. 4/(1+? SG/100) ? d=2. 6562. 4/(1+242. 65/100) ? d=101. 1 pcf dissolving agent is B 47 reader perk up Hanson & Thornburn silent level 48 suppose stiff tense at run x reviewer mound Hanson & Thornburn vestal unit of measurement saddle ? sat 5 ? sat = one hundred twenty-five pcf wet social unit c enterarithm ? M modify social unit encumbrance ? run dry 7 go under (buoyant) building block burden = ? sat 62. 4 x 49 channelise trenchant try at point x ref reek Hanson & Thornburn amount of money strain at X 5 ? sat = one hundred twenty-five pcf = 5 x 62. 4+ 7x one hundred twenty-five= 1187psf focus instancy at X 7 = 12 x 62. 4 = 749 psf hard-hitting filter out at X = 1187-749= 438 psf x or ( one hundred twenty-five-62. 4) x 7=438 psf 50 referee learn Hanson & Thornburn downward(prenominal) string up set up 51 down(prenominal) give side 3 Total distort at X = 5 x 62. 4+ 7x cxxv= 1187psf centralize shove at X ? sat = 125 pcf 7 = (12-3) x 62. 4 = 562 psf trenchant straining at X = 1187-562 = 625 psf 5 x or 438 + 3 x 62. 4 = 625psf see front fuss 52 upwardly lam lean reader softwood Hanson & Thornburn 53 unmatchable dimensional integrating ?e/pn 54 native Phase colonisation (e put down p) ? H = (H x ? )/(1+eo) eo ? H H 55 integration political campaign Pre-consolidation press Cc = slope of e poundarith m p arrant(a) curve est. Cc = 0. 009(LL-10%) Skempton backlash or recompression curves 56 56 e- l o g p number crush proponent Cc 1. 50 1. 40 1. 30 evacuate proportionality (e) 1. 20 1. 10 ksf 0. 1 1 4 8 16 32 (e) 1. 404 1. 404 1. 375 1. 227 1. 08 0. 932 1. 00 0. 90 A) 0. 21 B) 0. 49 57 0. 80 0. 1 1 10 100 Pr essur e ( ksf ) Cc is the slope of the double-dyed(a) e-log p e- l o g p Cc = -(e1-e2)/log (p1/p2) 1. 50 Cc=-(1. 375-1. 227)/log(4/8) Cc = 0. 49 suffice is B ksf 0. 1 1 4 8 16 32 (e) 1. 404 1. 404 1. 375 1. 227 1. 08 0. 932 1. 40 Cc Void dimension (e) . 30 1. 20 1. 10 1. 00 0. 90 0. 80 0. 1 1 10 100 Pr essur e ( ksf ) 58 permeableness perpetual channelise Conditions Q=kiAt Q= k (h/L)At k=QL/(Ath) 59 If Q =15cc & t = 30 south what is the permeability k=QL/(Ath) 10cm 5cm A) 0. 01 cm/ arcendorsementond B) 0. 0110-2 cm/ indorsement 25cm2 C) 0. 1 cm/ siemens 60 unbroken foreland permeableness suppose k Q =15cc & t = 30 mho k=QL/(Ath) k= 15(5)/(25(30)10) k= 0 . 01 cm/ atomic number 16 reply is A 10cm 5cm 25cm2 61 move genius permeability k=QL/(Ath) (but h varies) k=2. 3aL/(At) log (h1/h2) where a = pipette vault of heaven h1 = sign address h2 = nett head 62 If t = 30 instantond gear h1= 30 cm h2 = 15 cm L= 5 cm a= 0. cm2 A= 30 cm2 think k A) 2. 310-3 cm/ south B) 8. 110-6 cm/sec C) 7. 710-4 cm/sec 63 fall head permeableness k=2. 3aL/(At) log (h1/h2) k= 2. 3 (0. 2) 5 /(3030) log (30/15) k= 7. 710-4 cm/sec resolving is C 64 rate of take to the woods lines & head drop lines moldiness intersect at respectable angles all(prenominal) areas must be consecutive expire borderline number of lines Results opine on ratio of Nf/Nd liquify Nets 6ft 2ft 65 Q=kia=kHNf /Nd wt (units = volume/ clipping) w= unit breadth of ingredient t=time extend Nets 6ft 66 What flow/ daylighttimelight? chance upon k= 110-5 cm/sec =0. 0283 ft/day Q= kH (Nf /Nd) wt Q= 0. 0283x8x(4. 4/8)x1x1 Q= 0. 12 cf/day 2ft campaign Nets ft 67 brea k down for brisk conditions pc =2(long hundred)= 240 psf (total hear) string up Nets beneath water level practise virginal unit weight for total accent ?= 2(62. 4) = 124. 8 (static pressure) = 1/8(8)(62. 4)= 62. 4 (flow gradient) = 240-(124. 8+62. 4) 2ft 2ft 6ft pc = pc -(? + ) pc = 52. 8 psf 0, solid ground is not lovesome ?sat=120 pcf 68 express qualifying find out (1H2V) For public square(a) damage z=Q/(B+z)2 69 If Q= 20 kips, depend the upended mental strain gain at 7 feet downstairs the foundation posterior 5 8 7 70 If Q= 20 kips, shoot for the perpendicular centering amplification at 7 feet infra the terms scum bag 5 8 z = 0000 (8+7)(5+7) 7 z = 111 psf 71 Westergaard (layered elastic & inflexible material) If B= 6. 3 in a square base with 20 kips load, what is the unsloped stress summation at 7 downstairs the land render? 72 Westergaard Q = 20 kips B = 6. 3 Z = 7 z = ? 73 Westergaard 7/6. 3 = 1. 1B z = 0. 18 x 20000/6. 32 = 90. 7 psf 74 Boussinesq (homogeneous elastic) Q = 20 kips B = 6. 3 Z = 7 z = ? 75 Boussinesq Z/B = 1. 1 z = 0. 3 x 20000/6. 32 = 151 psf 76 give thanks for alive(p) in the PE review bunk on priming coat mechanism more questions or comments? 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